Motivation for another to perform a specified action but unexpectedly leads to an undesirable result

Making donations to charities in order to improve human wellbeing.

An inverse relationship between the rate of inflation and the rate of unemployment.

A type of employment in which the worker is paid a fixed amount for each unit of the product made.

A government subsidy to encourage an economic activity that has positive external effects. (For example, subsidizing basic research.)

A tax levied on activities that generate negative external effects so as to correct an inefficient market outcome. See also: […]

A surcharge on activity that causes negative externalities.

The unauthorized duplication of intellectual property.

A vendor’s intentional design, engineering, and support decisions that reduce an offering’s useful life span.

A controversial governmental working group that is focused on maintaining confidence in the financial markets. It was created by President […]